Causes Of Chronic Gastritis In Children

Chronic gastritis may not be the first condition that comes to mind when discussing pediatric health, but it’s more common in children than many assume. It refers to the long-term inflammation of the stomach lining, and if not addressed early, it can lead to discomfort, nutritional deficiencies, and more serious gastrointestinal issues. Understanding the root causes of chronic gastritis in children is the first step toward prevention, early diagnosis, and effective management.

Understanding Chronic Gastritis

Gastritis refers to inflammation of the stomach lining. When this condition persists for weeks, months, or even longer, it’s classified as chronic gastritis. Unlike acute gastritis, which appears suddenly and may be linked to a specific trigger, chronic gastritis develops gradually and is often asymptomatic in the early stages. In children, this subtle progression makes early detection challenging.

Common Symptoms in Children

Though symptoms can vary based on the child’s age and severity of the condition, some typical signs include:

• Persistent abdominal pain or discomfort
  
• Nausea or vomiting
  
• Poor appetite
  
• Unexplained weight loss
  
• Bloating and frequent burping
  
• Fatigue due to iron or vitamin B12 deficiency
  

It’s important to note that not every child will display all these symptoms. Some may show only mild signs, while others may experience significant discomfort.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) Infection

One of the most frequent causes of chronic gastritis in children is infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). This spiral-shaped bacterium resides in the stomach lining and can be transmitted through contaminated food, water, or close personal contact. H. pylori disrupts the protective mucous layer of the stomach, causing irritation and inflammation.

Many children infected with H. pylori may not show any symptoms initially. However, over time, the persistent presence of this bacteria can lead to chronic inflammation, ulcers, and in rare cases, even gastric cancer in adulthood.

Autoimmune Gastritis

Although rare in children, autoimmune gastritis is another possible cause. In this condition, the immune system mistakenly attacks the stomach lining cells, especially those responsible for producing stomach acid and intrinsic factor – a protein needed for vitamin B12 absorption. This autoimmune response results in chronic inflammation and may eventually lead to anemia and neurological issues due to B12 deficiency.

Genetic predisposition often plays a role, and children with a family history of autoimmune disorders may be at higher risk.

Dietary Habits and Food Intolerances

Children’s eating habits play a significant role in their digestive health. Diets high in processed foods, artificial additives, and spicy or acidic items can irritate the stomach lining. Over time, this can contribute to chronic gastritis, particularly in sensitive children.

Additionally, food intolerances, such as lactose intolerance or gluten sensitivity (as seen in celiac disease), may also inflame the stomach lining and mimic or exacerbate gastritis symptoms.

Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)

Frequent or prolonged use of NSAIDs like ibuprofen can damage the stomach lining, especially when taken on an empty stomach. In children with chronic pain, fevers, or inflammation, these medications are sometimes overused without appropriate gastric protection, which may increase the risk of developing chronic gastritis.

Stress and Emotional Factors

While often overlooked, psychological stress and anxiety can influence gastrointestinal function. In children dealing with academic pressures, social changes, or emotional trauma, stress can increase stomach acid production and alter gastric motility, which can aggravate or trigger gastritis.

Stress-induced gastritis, though less understood in pediatric populations, is increasingly recognized as a contributor to gastrointestinal issues.

Chronic Illnesses and Medical Conditions

Certain chronic health conditions in children, such as liver or kidney diseases, Crohn’s disease, and type 1 diabetes, can indirectly lead to gastritis. These illnesses either affect the immune system or alter digestive processes in ways that can inflame the stomach lining.

Additionally, children undergoing chemotherapy or long-term treatments involving strong medications are at increased risk due to the harsh effects these treatments have on the digestive tract.

Environmental and Lifestyle Factors

Poor hygiene, contaminated drinking water, and close contact with infected individuals can all facilitate the transmission of bacteria like H. pylori. Moreover, living in crowded conditions, poor nutrition, and exposure to secondhand smoke have all been associated with a higher incidence of chronic gastritis in children.

When to Seek Medical Help

If your child exhibits signs such as persistent stomach pain, vomiting, weight loss, or fatigue, it’s essential to consult a pediatric gastroenterologist. Early diagnosis through tests such as endoscopy, stool analysis, or H. pylori breath tests can help prevent complications.

Dr. Nawfal’s Pediatric Gastroenterology clinic offers specialized diagnosis and treatment plans tailored to each child’s needs, ensuring compassionate care for gastrointestinal health.

Prevention and Management

While not all cases are preventable, the following measures can reduce the risk of chronic gastritis in children:

• Promote good hygiene habits like handwashing
  
• Avoid sharing utensils or food with others
  
• Limit use of NSAIDs unless prescribed
  
• Provide a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and fiber
  
• Address food allergies or intolerances promptly
  
• Reduce stress through open communication, counseling, and relaxation techniques
  

For children already diagnosed, treatment typically includes antibiotics for bacterial infection, acid-reducing medications, dietary adjustments, and regular follow-ups.

FAQs

1. Can children get chronic gastritis from stress?
Yes, psychological stress can affect digestive function and contribute to the inflammation of the stomach lining, though it’s usually one of multiple factors.

2. How is H. pylori diagnosed in children?
It can be diagnosed using breath tests, stool antigen tests, or endoscopy with biopsy, depending on the child’s symptoms and age.

3. Is chronic gastritis curable in children?
Yes, with early detection and proper treatment, most cases of chronic gastritis in children can be effectively managed or even cured.

4. Can poor diet alone cause chronic gastritis?
A poor diet may contribute to gastritis, especially if it includes acidic, spicy, or processed foods, but it’s usually not the sole cause.

5. Are there long-term effects of chronic gastritis in kids?
If untreated, it can lead to ulcers, nutrient deficiencies, and, in rare cases, increased risk of stomach cancer later in life.

6. Is gastritis contagious?
Gastritis itself is not contagious, but H. pylori infection, a common cause of gastritis, can be spread through saliva or contaminated food and water.

7. What foods should children with gastritis avoid?
Spicy foods, caffeinated drinks, acidic fruits, fried items, and carbonated beverages should be limited or avoided.

8. When should I take my child to a pediatric gastroenterologist?
If your child experiences ongoing stomach pain, vomiting, poor appetite, or unexplained weight loss, it’s time to consult a specialist.